Why men's basketball is better than women's basketball Essay - 4

Why men's basketball is better than women's basketball - Essay Example In this sense, the writer employed the use of strategies in order to communicate and deliver his arguments and views. Where as he acknowledges that every ones opinion matters in this assessment, he also asserts that there are some inherent things with men’s basketball that makes it much cherished compared to that of the women (Kramer). He considers the airtime that the two are given and explains that men are given more than women and the situation makes it possible for men to dominate the game than women. On the other hand, the author also posits that in women basketball, there is no overall excitement as compared to that of men. These among other thing like the predictability of the women game makes it too boring to attend to and watch. In order to drive his point home, the author has used rhetorical tools to channel the same, for example. The writer thus has employed the use of ethos (ethical persuasion) to deliver his point home. For instance, when he says it is considered unethical for women to celebrate victory with a finger raised towards the opponents as it happens in the men’s case (Kramer). This is aimed at making the readers understand how the women’s game is bereft of jubilation thus explaining its unpopularity. The writer has also used logos to persuade the writer about his position. When he says that women games are not accorded much airtime in the media compared to men, it really gives the sense of appreciation why one of the gender games is better than the other. With reference to the second writer, he explains his point by using logos. In this sense, he logically convinces the readers that men’s basketball is better that women’s because of the period in which it has been existing. He says the given that basket ball was formerly meant to be men’s game, it has affected and shifted attention to their game than that

One Approach to Identity Essay Example for Free

One Approach to Identity Essay The concept of identity within psychology can be traced back to the emergence of the discipline with William James’ publication Principles in Psychology in 1890 (as cited in Phoenix, 2007 p. 45). While various identity theories abound, all approaches are principally concerned with explaining what identity is and how individuals form and use their identities to define themselves. This essay examines the social constructionist approach to identity and will then explore how such thinking can be applied to the identities of those with disabilities. According to Hogg and Abrams (1988), identity is â€Å"people’s concepts of who they are, of what sort of people they are, and how they relate to others† (as cited in Fearon, 1999, p. 4). Thus, identity represents an individual’s mental image of themselves, something Kroger (1989/1993) asserts necessitates an understanding of otherness, that is, who and what they are not (as cited in Phoenix, 2007 p. 52). This awareness is fundamental to social construction theories, which propound that, instead of being naturally occurring, identities are actively constructed through the process of social relations. It is through interaction with others that individuals distinguish between the self and other, and subsequently can affirm or modify their own sense of identity. This ability to negotiate identity is another feature of social constructionist approaches which maintain that, far from being static, identities are open to change and adaptation throughout the lifetime, being shaped by an individual’s own experiences, as well as the cultural and historical milieu within which they exist and the social change and technological advances that occur during their lives (Connell, 1995; Holloway and Jefferson, 2000, as cited in Phoenix, 2007, p. 2). Consequently, and in contrast to earlier identity theories, social constructionists claim that, since individuals do not exist in a vacuum, there can be no distinction between a personal and a social identity; all identities are social. Thus proponents of social constructionism, emphasise the importance of language; being the basic tool of human communication; in the formation and negotiation of identities. It is through language that people express and define themselves and identify their allegiance to particular groups and communities. Meanings attributed to language are inevitably influenced by the dominant discourses within society, reflecting the power relations and often imbalances that exist, as exemplified by the demonisation of single mothers by mainstream political discourse in the 1980s. Nevertheless, sub-cultures and minority groups often subvert dominant discourse in order to construct their own identities, as illustrated in the way once derogatory terms, such as ‘dyke’, are reclaimed, and in order to enhance group affiliation. It is noted that â€Å"Teenage slang is a highly productive generator of new meanings for old words† (Oxford University Press, 2006); it serves to augment group membership while excluding others. Language, therefore, is also a construct; its interpretations and use develops over time and across social groups. Another key tenet of social constructionist theories is that individuals possess numerous identities because they inhabit various locations, assume diverse roles, subscribe to particular ideologies and interact with others who themselves have different, multiple identities. As Phoenix observes â€Å"Unlike psychosocial theories, social constructionist theories reject the notion that people have one, core identity† (2007, pp. 78-79). While critics argue this represents a flaw in such theorising; since many consider themselves to have a stable unified identity; it is asserted that people adopt autobiographical narratives, whereby they reconstruct their histories, in order to maintain a coherent sense of self. The employment of language and ‘props’; such as attire and jewellery (Goffman, 1959, p. 2), as well as the autobiographical narrative, enable individuals to manage their sometimes contradictory identities. Consequently, people are able to use their identities as a resource to achieve the exhibition of a particular image of themselves, not only to others, but also to themselves. In turning to the identities of people with disabilities, it is necessary to address the issue of embodiment, that is, the way people live their lives through their bodies. Bodies are a resource that people use to construct their identity, through, for example, the use of make-up, tattoos and cosmetic surgery. For people with physical impairments, identity construction is complicated by their biology, which, is compounded by the dominant medical discourse which has generally labelled those with disabilities as lacking in some way, as different, as ‘other’. The social model of disability developed out of the disability movement as a reaction against such discourse, and its proponents, such as Oliver (1990), have argued that while those with physical impairments experience ‘individual limitation’, disability itself is a ‘socially imposed restriction’ (as cited in Phoenix, p. 1). This reinterpretation of the word ‘disability’ highlights, as social constructionists claim, the importance of language and discourse in the constructions of identity. In recent decades, through campaigning and individuals identifying with a particular cause, the disability movement has brought about social change through putting pressure on the legislature to cater to its needs, for instance, public buildings now have to be accessible to the wheel-chair bound. As such, the dominant discourse has shifted to be more inclusive of those with physical impairments. Additionally, medical advances have improved the circumstances of some with visual or auditory impairments. Social construction theories reveal the extent of autonomy that individuals have in relation to their identities. However, such theories fail to address adequately how identity can be imposed on individuals. People with physical impairments highlight this problem, since an individual has no control over how and to what extent they are impaired. Nevertheless, they do have a choice in how they label themselves, and some will self-define as disabled, while others may not, perceiving their impairment to be only one (lesser) aspect of their identity. This gives credence to the social constructionist stance that individuals construct many identities for themselves. It is also important to note that, as with most social groups, the physically impaired are far from a homogenous group; there is no one essential disabled identity. As Keith (1994) suggests â€Å"the wide variation between the types of impairment and within groups who have the same impairments mean they are not a single group, but have multiple, diverse identities† (as cited in Phoenix, p. 83). In conclusion, social construction theories provide a useful framework within which to explore identity. In examining how identity is actively constructed through social interaction and the employment of language, as well as by being affected by dominant discourse and societal change, such theories explain how people are able to negotiate their multiple identities in daily life and throughout the life-course.

Green Chemistry Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Green Chemistry   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many companies all over the world produce chemicals for their products that are harmful to the environment, human health, and to all living species. Green Chemistry is the use of chemistry for the prevention of chemical pollution to the environment by using chemicals that are benign, or not harmful. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) states that the mission of Green Chemistry is, â€Å"To promote innovative chemical technologies that reduce or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture, and use of chemical products.† Green Chemistry contains any aspects and types of chemical processes that reduce the negative effects of certain chemicals, in a way, using chemistry to fight chemistry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Green Chemistry started after the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 was passed. The Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT) began to develop ways to make chemical products and processes less hazardous to humans and the environment. There are many principles of Green Chemistry; to prevent waste, to use less hazardous chemical synthesis, design safer chemicals and solvents, make chemicals more energy and cost efficient, reduce derivatives and toxins, prevention of pollution, and accident reduction.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many companies...

Richard P. Feynman :: Physics Biography Biographies

Richard P. Feynman Early Life Richard was born on May 11th, 1918 in New York City, the first son of Melville and Lucille Feynman. He enjoyed science and mathematics from a early age, most of which he took it upon himself to learn before it was taught in school. His primary source for self-learning was the Encyclopedia Britannica and a lab that he set up in his room at home. In this lab he dabbled in electronics, whether it was repairing the radio or just making some circuits. In high school, Feynman was ahead in physics and mathematics, already a master of differential equations, trigonometry, and other high levels of calculus, but he was lacking in his other subjects, such as English and history. Feynman applied to many schools, but was turned down either because of his lacking social science grades, or because he was a Jew. Massachusetts Institute of Technology accepted him readily though, as one would expect being a top scientific school even then, and he set out to major in mathematics, though this changed several times. Feynman was not satisified by doing mathematics without an end purpose, and so he eventually ended up in the field of physics, more specifically interested in quantum physics. Richard received his BS from MIT in 1939, four years after entering college, and went on to receive his PhD at Princeton. World War 2 After college is when Feynman really started to shine in his field. In 1942 he was asked to join the team that developed the atomic bomb in Los Alamos and Princeton. At first, he said no to helping to create a weapon of such mass destruction... until he thought about how Hitler probably would have no qualms in making a atom bomb. Richard was key in developing safe means to separate various radioactive materials and also ways to test what amount of uranium would be needed to achieve critical mass that did not require large scale detonations. Major contributions to Physics After World War II, and a brief respite from doing research, Feynman resumed where he had left off before the war with quantum physics. He worked on several projects over the next few decades, achieving successes in most of them. He and another physicist worked together to test and prove their theory on "weak decay," about how it occurs, what are the results of it, etc. His largest gift was his diagrams that describe the way that particles act in a certain system and tells one how to express this movement in mathematics, thus through a simple diagram one could analyze complex atomic interactions.

Bridge Design Process

Bridge Design Process In order to begin we must start our design process with the first step. We have to identify the need. The scenario is that we need to connect two pieces of land or structure so that a car must be able to pass through it. In this project we are to design and construct a bridge for a matchbox car. The bridge must be made of balsa wood and glue only. It must support its own weight, the load of the matchbox car, and additional weights that will be added. Next we must identify what problem is given.In this scenario our problem would be that we have a car that wants to travel between the two areas that the bridge is attached. We have only certain materials that can be used in constructing our bridge. And using those certain materials it must be of a particular size. And once those criteria have been met we must have a strong bridge that will carry the weight of the car and any additional weights placed on it. This bridge must have a truss design. Step three of our des ign process we search for ideas.From our research we know that the triangle is the strongest shape in construction and this is why trusses are made up of triangles. Our bridge must be a truss bridge design. So we have done research as a group and individually on the different truss bridge designs. There are many different truss designs that already exist. So we have done internet research into the trials and tests put on these different designs to see what features are stronger than others. Then we look at the project constraints that are given to us.The constraints that we have are materials, roadbed size, cross section size, span opening, and overall bridge width. The materials can only be balsa wood and glue. Glue can not be on surfaces that are not bonded. The roadbed is where the matchbox car must be able to pass along the bridge. The roadbed must also be able to accommodate the loading block with footprint, which is required for adding weights. There are also measurement const raints on the roadbed. The cross section wood members must not exceed one-eighth by on-eighth inch.Span opening must be approximately four hundred millimeters. The bridge has a minimum width of fifty millimeters with no maximum width constraint. There is no minimum or maximum height requirement. The design criterion is the fifth step in the design process. The criteria would include the cost, reliability, weight, maintenance, appearance, compatibility, safety, noise level, effectiveness, durability, feasibility, and acceptance. Cost is very manageable for our design since the only materials will be balsa wood and glue, which are relatively easy to find.The whole idea for the bridge design was something that could safely carry the weight of the car and the weight of the loading block plus all the weights that will be added. So therefore, when picking the design, we chose something that we thought would be reliable enough to carry all the required weights while safely allowing the car to pass through without flexing or collapsing. We also tried to make our bridge as light in weight as possible for the design because we will be competing for the lightest bridge if ours carries our predicted weight.The design appearance is very symmetrical which is pleasing to the eye. It is nothing too complex, which makes it very acceptable. This bridge is very compatible with any location or environment. Since our design is a very open design the noise level would be minimal since it is not enclosed. It is, overall, a very durable and feasible design. Step six in the design process is to find alternative solutions. Before we came up with our final bridge design we had many alternative solutions to the problem that would fit the need. In our group we have seven members.So we each individually did our own research about the materials, about trusses, and about different bridge designs. After that research we each came up with our own individual bridge design that we thought would be sufficient for the need. We then made a sketch of that bridge in our group journal. Then during our next meeting, we discussed each bridge and the strengths and weaknesses of each bridge. And from all those alternative solutions we came up together, using something from each individual idea, with a bridge design that was the best for the final product.For the analysis part of the bridge, we focused mainly on design. Because this is a truss bridge, and the strongest structural shape is a triangle, we knew that we had to focus on the trusses in the bridge. We did research on the stronger and weaker truss designs. Through our research we found that the bridges that contained more triangles were the bridges that ended up holding up the best to stress being added. Along with the design, the physics behind the trusses were of equal importance.We included a truss analysis along with our bridge to determine if the weight that the bridge has to support will be distributed along the length of the bridge evenly. Other factors that we took into account are how the bridge was going to be loaded. We knew the weight was going to be anchored to the middle of the bridge so we had to make sure that the weight would be evenly distributed to keep from collapsing. Our criteria from our decision matrix came from many different places. Before we each picked a bridge to input into our group journal, we had done a lot of research.We had to research what a truss bridge was and what made them strong. Then we had to incorporate those ideas into our design. So once each of us had picked a bridge that we thought was sufficient for a final product that design still had to convince the other members of the group before it was chosen as the one design for the overall product. The final design was something that we all agreed would withstand the weight. For the specification part our project we have many things. First we have all our bridge ideas sketched in our journal. We then have a deta iled AutoCAD drawing of our final design.And we have a truss analysis of the angles of our trusses in our portfolio. The Bridge Design Process: The Abstract We are given a project, or a problem, where we need to attach two masses with a bridge so that a car may be able to pass through it. The bridge must meet certain criteria and constraints. It must carry the car and added weights and still be safe. But before we can determine a bridge design, we must use our ten step design process to come up with a sufficient design. The following report goes in depth on that process and our decision process.

Crying Again Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers

Crying Again Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers Crying Again The Sky is crying again And i am crying again. When did it start? When will it end? How'd i wind up with out a friend? Tears from my heart cling to my soul. Burning me deep leaving a hole. When will this stop? I'm all alone No one willing to carry me home. Can't find a road. Can't find a way. Never will the sun brighten my day. Bibliography writen by me.

personalitys essays

personalitys essays After researching some theories about personality we find that they all draw from one another. The same can be said for the theories that we have looked at recently. These include theories from Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Harry Sullivan. These theories have there similarities and be applied to the same thing if need be. Of these theories, all of them can be applied to me, the one that fits best is that of Alfred Adler. One of the first things that Adler talks about in his theory is the fact that the human can be viewed as a social creature. Many good examples can be found here, especially about children raised in isolation. There are many cases about children who, for some reason or another, were raised with hardly any human contact at all. Usually the child was born of wedlock and the family was embarrassed so they hid the child away form everyone. These children, when found, were socially inhibited and in extreme cases showed violence to other people. These children were then often institutionalized to see if any social skills could be recovered. Many times the child could only operate at a preschool level, many of them were at the age of 10 or older. Another one of Adlers points is the fact that humans have this feeling of being inferior. This part of his theory is one of the major points that in my opinion makes it best fit to me. The whole world is based on this principle. Why would there be inventions to make life easier or why would people go to college. They certainly do not do these things just for fun. If it were not for these feelings societies would become stagnant and would quit trying to better themselves. These feelings drive me in the game of football. I am always trying to get better, to find some way to outplay my opponent. This also drives me in the off-season. I participate in a weight program to get stronger so I can physically outmuscle my opponent. ...

Arboriginals and the White Government essays

Arboriginals and the White Government essays Aboriginals and the White Government The white government is racist and Eurocentric; as a result they have brought about racial discrimination against the aborigines. The colonial attitude of the Aborigines was that they represented primitive animals not deserving respect as they belonged to the menial class of the suppressive society. The Laffey family does not accept this attitude as Cornelius criticise the hypocrisy of the Europeans as poaching is approved by the government, and murdering the owners of the local grouse, blinked at (p. 32). He uses his job to write an article condemning a massacre of Aborigines which he witnesses first-hand. Cornelius refers to it as needless and foolish acts of provocation and aggression on the part of the diggers (p. 31) and says that even the quasi-official road-blazing part...had indulged in unprovoked killing of natives (p. 31). His article deliberately has been used to position the readers of the article to see European Australians as malicious and at fault. The dominant colonial view of the Aborigines is that they were criminals and troublemakers. From Corneliuss action, it can also be seen that Aborigines were marginalised and suppressed as they were seen to belong to the lower class of the society compared to the Europeans who were considered to be of a higher class. The physical violence that the white people have imposed upon the Aborigines constructs the readers negative view towards racism as it helps to position the reader to be with Astleys point of view about racial discrimination as she also challenges the typical traditional view of Aborigines. The physical violence has been endorsed by the mainstream Australian but is not accepted by the Laffey and Astley and therefore the reader too. Men in the constructed reality of the novel are privileged over women. Astley criticises the patriarc ...

Implications of ignored behavioral problems Assignment

Implications of ignored behavioral problems - Assignment Example Teachers get frustrated when all their teaching efforts get countered by these ignored, unsolved behavioral problems. In some extreme cases some teachers simply lose interest in making things right. This occurs as a result of lose of morale, and gets depicted by the quality of teaching services offered which is likely to be poor. They often fail to take an interest in the character details of their students. Before one knows it, the students’ unruly behavior has spiraled out of control. Problematic character is not conducive in any educational setting and hinders effective learning and teaching (Jenson, 2002). Both teachers and parents are charged with the responsibility of guiding students’ behavior. When in school, teachers get expected to outline to the students what gets viewed as appropriate and inappropriate character. However, when the students are at home, their parents get expected to maintain the same standards of behavior upheld in the schools. Persistent behavioral problems create tension between teachers, parents and the administration. The blame game that is usually involved is the manifestation of the tension. Tension between education stakeholders also affects the education environment (Jenson, 2002). Ignoring behavioral problems will more often than not lead to the progression into fully blown negative traits that inform moral decadence (Jenson, 2002). A look into the character of people who get considered as harmful to society usually reveals traces of behavioral problems in early life stages that went

Legalization of Same Sex Marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Legalization of Same Sex Marriage - Essay Example There was paramount work done in developed states mostly United States and those in the European continent. The initials perception for those who advocated and struggled to fight for this abhorrent practice was short sightedness of the issue several consequences. This is because most of them focused on the materials based on the biblical issues without the considerations of the surrounding factors of the family institution as better start point for healthy and prosperous communities of the nation. Their basement on the religious issue was personal to involve, getting in the different religions which was one way of gaining access of banning the laws which acted as barrage to fulfillment of the detestable practice. Then, as it has always been, the repercussions of every action are felt after sometime, hence the fulfillment of the adage which say "time is the best prophet of the future". (Symons, 1980) Gay and lesbian marriage brings about abnormal practices which were unheard in our traditions and already established society. It is not that the people of the old and new generations are in the state of objecting the change. But under the practices which have already been demonstrated throughout the world are alarming due to the use of such homosexually kinds of marriages. Gay marriages have rooted cultures which display non-commitments to the established ways of living. The era before the coming up of most arguments that lead to the founding of the gays and lesbianism, families were mostly established under the heterosexuality mode of marriage. The old set of heterosexuality was more binding to the building of families which were ever long lasting and welcoming. The rapid increase on religions and political as well economic trade with the globalization era is the ones which have brought with them to ever alarming issues on the marriage institutions. (Leach, 1978) The heated debates on liberty for women and for marriage has resulted to the allowing of people to do things on the own will. This has greatly ended up making many families on the contemporary society to have a misunderstanding of marriage values and purposes. As most people would think and consider marriage, most of the early people viewed marriage as means which was set to for particular goal. The family was highly valued as it created a place which the two married people would build one another. Basically, religious studies research and through the biological scientific work which have already been disseminated, there is clear evidence that neither man nor woman can claims that he/she is perfectly complete. This study reveals that they all have certain percentage which is complemented by the partners in which they get involved. The complementation of the two people who get involved in the marriage issues is quite unique. This of course involves a number of ways which are not limit ed to the spiritual, physical and even psychological means. (Rosenblatt, 2005) Legalization of same sex marriages would thus make individuals to get into gay and lesbianism. This would actually invert the purposes of complementation on the wide studied field. The natural over turn of the marriages issues can be viewed as the source of the many problems which the global world is

Wk 2 discussion 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wk 2 discussion 2 - Essay Example Hodges is already implementing in her classroom, and which would be deemed effective and beneficial for students like Ernest are the: (1) planning pyramid, where contents that students will learn would be classified according to: (a) contents that all students will learn; (b) contents that most students will learn; and (c) contents that few students will learn (in Ernest’s case, Ms. Hodges could discern which contents would be most applicable for learning within his intellectual level; (2) nine types of instructional adaptations where Ms. Hodges could tailor and identify the â€Å"the difficulty level of lessons, structure how students participate and provide responses, and provide peer support for learning mate† (Rosenberg, Westling, & McLeskey, 2007, par. 6); and (3) provision of peer tutoring. As revealed, peer tutoring would be beneficial for Ernest to focus on relevant course materials that would be used for class discussion and for examinations. Rosenberg, M. S., Westling, D. L., & McLeskey, J. (2007). Can You Help Me with This Student? In M. S. Rosenberg, D. L. Westling, & J. McLeskey, Special Education for Today’s Teachers: An Introduction (p. 222). Prentice

Woodrow Wilson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Woodrow Wilson - Essay Example From the economic perspective, Woodrow Wilson established several successful policy reforms. In 1913, as a part of economic reforms, Underwood tariff has been lowered from 40% to 25% (Clements, 1992). Wilson provided compensation for this decrease in the form of federal income tax, supported with the Sixteenth Amendment to the US Constitution. In addition, Wilson initiated complex reforms supporting farming business in the United States, including programs of educational support and initiatives providing farmers with low-cost long-term mortgages (Clements, 1992). Woodrow Wilson also became famous for his support for small and medium business and enactment of antitrust policies. Recent scholarship has emphasized the importance of ideology in understanding Woodrow Wilson's politics. While Wilson scholars have examined his idealism, few have traces ideological and religious roots of principles that formed his mindset. Practically, during the period of American neutrality from 1914 to 1917, he made numerous public speeches that afford insight into his religious beliefs, their relationship to his understanding of presidential leadership, good government, and especially foreign policy (Knock, 1992). Wilson believed that good leaders used oratory to inform people of important issues and guide them to support the best practices. As the importance of the issue or policy at stake rose, so did the importance of speaking on it. Wilson's speeches reflect what he thought the public need to know to approve his plans and undertakings, and the concepts he used to gain that approval. Wilson continuously stressed his impartiality in the exercise of his duties. As chief executive, he claimed to express the opinion of American citizens, rather than his own. He clarified that he did not confuse the opinion of newspapers editorials and the popular view. "With all due respect to editors of great newspapers, I have to say to them that I never take my opinions of the American people of their editorials" (Link, 32:29). Being president denied him expression of his opinion, as his job required he focus exclusively on the country's interests and not his own. Wilson's stress on national opinion reflected his need to interact with the people beyond the confines of Washington, D.C. As he stated during a Flag Day celebration: "I felt caught up and buoyed along by the great stream of human purpose which seemed to flow in front of me by the stand at the White House, and I shall go away from this meeting, as I came away from that parade, with all the deepest purposes of my heart re newed" (Link, 37:224). Wilson's expressions of his desire for contact with non-politicians and government functionaries reinforced the image he cultivated of a common man elected to serve the people. He regularly described himself as an average man, despite Ph.D., a brief period as a lawyer, and years spent as a college professor and president (Clements, 1992). As a common man, Wilson operated as an associate, servant or helper. He explained the function of both Congress and the President as servants of the people. By arguing that public officials needed to confer with their people

The People of Metropolis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The People of Metropolis - Research Paper Example The fertility of Uruk was enhanced by the existence of the town near River Euphrates, which provided the town with household and farming water2. The inventions made in Uruk spread to other kingdoms in Mesopotamia, for example, Akkadia and Babylon. The bronze period is, therefore, said to be an era of civilization because humans made use of their intelligence to create tools that made work easier. This indicates that, the innovation of the early pioneers of the city of Uruk undeniably made Uruk the cradle of sophisticated practices and the greatest city of the Bronze Age. 1.2 Problem Statement Uruk, the cradle of civilization was a peaceful city where people were governed by laws that were created after the invention of writing. The laws governed trade, agriculture, and social classes in the town during the bronze period. The iron wheel that was discovered in Uruk made the city more favorable than other towns in Mesopotamia. The invention of weapons in Uruk led to the rise of cities s uch as the Akkadia Kingdom. These inventions indicate that Uruk that is presently Iraq has an enriched history, but it has been forgotten because of the war in the country. The remains of Uruk are presently located in Warqa in Iraq. Today, Warqa is characterized by low population, dry land, and insufficient laws that govern the society3. Presently, the war in Iraq has led to the rise of terrorism in the country, which poses insecurity. Terrorism has increased in the country to the extent that militants possess weapons of mass destruction. The world focuses on the war and terrorism in Iraq, and the society tends to forget the rich history of the country. A review of the history of Iraq is essential because it will shift the focus and attitude. The shift will be desirable, and it will help citizens of Iraq to appreciate their history. 1.3 Objectives i. To find out whether the innovation of early pioneers led to the sophistication of Uruk. ii. To find out how Uruk influenced the rest o f the Fertile Crescent. iii. To determine whether Uruk was the greatest city of the Bronze Age. 2.0 Literature Review 2.1 Innovations of Uruk The major innovation that was made in Uruk is the potter’s wheel that has a wedge shape. The Potter’s wheel has four jars and five helms that enable the machine to rotate and move from one place to another. The rotating wheel was made from bronze, a metal that was made by mixing and heating tin and copper. The discovery of the wheel helped the inhabitants of Uruk to save time that they used to move pottery across different regions. The wheel also facilitated trade between Uruk and other cities such as Ur. The two cities traded goods such as ceramics and agricultural products. Before the discovery of the wheel, the communities did not trade, and whenever they did this, traders had to transport goods for extensive distances. This was tiring, and most traders gave up the business. The wheel played a major role of transporting weapon s across states, for example, it was used to draw warriors and weapons across the Akkadia Kingdom4. The kingdom arose as a result of the invention of the wheel and weapons in Uruk. Metal plows were also invented in Uruk to facilitate farming in the city. The tools were made of bronze that was common during that period. The plows were pulled by oxen along wheat and barley farms in the city5. The innovation made farming easier

Woodrow Wilson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Woodrow Wilson - Essay Example From the economic perspective, Woodrow Wilson established several successful policy reforms. In 1913, as a part of economic reforms, Underwood tariff has been lowered from 40% to 25% (Clements, 1992). Wilson provided compensation for this decrease in the form of federal income tax, supported with the Sixteenth Amendment to the US Constitution. In addition, Wilson initiated complex reforms supporting farming business in the United States, including programs of educational support and initiatives providing farmers with low-cost long-term mortgages (Clements, 1992). Woodrow Wilson also became famous for his support for small and medium business and enactment of antitrust policies. Recent scholarship has emphasized the importance of ideology in understanding Woodrow Wilson's politics. While Wilson scholars have examined his idealism, few have traces ideological and religious roots of principles that formed his mindset. Practically, during the period of American neutrality from 1914 to 1917, he made numerous public speeches that afford insight into his religious beliefs, their relationship to his understanding of presidential leadership, good government, and especially foreign policy (Knock, 1992). Wilson believed that good leaders used oratory to inform people of important issues and guide them to support the best practices. As the importance of the issue or policy at stake rose, so did the importance of speaking on it. Wilson's speeches reflect what he thought the public need to know to approve his plans and undertakings, and the concepts he used to gain that approval. Wilson continuously stressed his impartiality in the exercise of his duties. As chief executive, he claimed to express the opinion of American citizens, rather than his own. He clarified that he did not confuse the opinion of newspapers editorials and the popular view. "With all due respect to editors of great newspapers, I have to say to them that I never take my opinions of the American people of their editorials" (Link, 32:29). Being president denied him expression of his opinion, as his job required he focus exclusively on the country's interests and not his own. Wilson's stress on national opinion reflected his need to interact with the people beyond the confines of Washington, D.C. As he stated during a Flag Day celebration: "I felt caught up and buoyed along by the great stream of human purpose which seemed to flow in front of me by the stand at the White House, and I shall go away from this meeting, as I came away from that parade, with all the deepest purposes of my heart re newed" (Link, 37:224). Wilson's expressions of his desire for contact with non-politicians and government functionaries reinforced the image he cultivated of a common man elected to serve the people. He regularly described himself as an average man, despite Ph.D., a brief period as a lawyer, and years spent as a college professor and president (Clements, 1992). As a common man, Wilson operated as an associate, servant or helper. He explained the function of both Congress and the President as servants of the people. By arguing that public officials needed to confer with their people

What are the challenges in implementing Sustainable Development Essay

What are the challenges in implementing Sustainable Development through a project such as Bristol Green Capital Discuss with reference to your groups experience and how this differs from other groups - Essay Example ainability of the environment, as the resources are getting scarce day-by-day, which has further played a crucial role in propounding the contemporary way of project management initiatives (Whitehead, 2002). From a generalised perspective, it can be argued that sustainable development is a combination of growing concerns related to socio-economic problems and environmental obstacles (Hopwood & et. al., 2005). Sustainable development can be defined as an approach towards human development wherein the resources used meets the human requirements along with maintaining the sustainability of the eco-system within the surrounding (Bulkeley & Betsill, 2013). Accordingly, it is considered that human requirements are to be met in the present day through sustainable development, as stated by Ye & et. al (2005). Emphasising the stated dimensions of sustainable development, this paper aims to discuss the challenges faced in practicing the mentioned notions in projects such as Bristol Green Capital. This particular entity operates as a ‘free membership organisation’. Correspondingly, it aims at developing Bristol a city offering high quality life to its residents maintaining a significantly low carbon emission (Bristol Green Capital Partnership, 2014). Accordingly, to gain an in-depth understanding of the functionalities of this organisation, 5 groups have been taken into consideration for this study, which include Transition Bristol, The Bristol Partnership Team, Low Carbon South West, Local Enterprise Partnership (LEP) and The Knowle West Area Neighbourhood Development Forum. Following a brief overview of these groups, a critical assessment of the differing views of the selected groups will be performed in this study. Aligning the findings from the assessment, conclusions will be drawn on the challenges faced by the project when focusing on sustainable development of the city. Transition Bristol is a volunteer-led enterprise, acting in support for Bristol Green Capital

Additive Layer Manufacturing for Aerospace Parts Essay Example for Free

Additive Layer Manufacturing for Aerospace Parts Essay ES Technology has revealed that additive layer manufacturing (ALM) for direct part production has been embraced by a number of manufacturing sectors, not least the aerospace industry The ability to produce components in a range of materials including hot-work steels, stainless steel, cobalt chromes and Inconel, plus titanium and aluminium alloys, presents the aerospace industry with large potential for direct part production using ALM. ALM has already been used to produce small and medium-sized aerospace components, and having realised the potential of the process, aerospace manufacturers are seeking to produce larger, more complex parts. Material Solutions operates an ALM applications development centre with a particular focus on the aerospace sector. Carl Brancher of Material Solutions, said: ALM in high-performance materials is well suited for complex thin-walled structures in gas turbines. However, as a new technology it is not yet well understood or validated by potential users and, like all manufacturing processes, to get the best from metal ALM requires the designer to understand the process capabilities and materials mechanical properties, he added. Brancher said Materials Solutions is bridging this gap by providing manufactured parts, consulting (principally to the aerospace market), and working with equipment and materials vendors to develop the technology for mass production. See more:Â  Masters of Satire: John Dryden and Jonathan Swift Essay The collaboration between Material Solutions and its industry clients has so far led to the production of a range of components over the last three years. This programme has now reached the limit of component size that can be produced using the existing Material Solutions ALM systems. With the continuing pressure from aerospace manufacturers to develop the capability to produce larger parts, Material Solutions turned to Concept Laser to explore the potential for building larger components using Concept Lasers M3 linear system. The fundamental principles of the M3 linear make it a novel development in the world of ALM. Unlike other machines the M3 linear does not have fixed optics but a combination of galvo scanning mirrors and linear direct drives to move the scanning head. Already used to build larger volume components, the M3 linear has all of the pre-requisites for up-scaling to enable production of the types of components envisaged by the aerospace industry. It is not only the physical attributes of the system that lend themselves to production of large components but the process control and laser scanning strategy already developed by Concept Laser, which will eliminate the potential pitfalls of accuracy errors on large components. Having established the potential of the M3 linear machine, Material Solutions set out to design a test component that would qualify certain build criteria and which could also be used to educate and inform aerospace designers of Additive Friendly design features and techniques. These include reducing supports and using larger flowing radii to assist in reducing the time to build and subsequently, component production and finishing costs. The test part incorporates many features such as small diameter holes, threaded features, thin rib sections and areas of thick material section all typically found in aerospace components. The greatest challenges for Concept Laser were that a component of this size had never before been built and added to this the part was required in an unexpectedly short timescale. The finished component demonstrates the current capabilities of the technology in terms of size (300mm diameter), accuracy and surface finish. While this part does not yet satisfy the ultimate demands of aerospace manufacturers it clearly confirms the capabilities of the process, the scalable potential of Concept Lasers M3 linear machine and the sound base which Concept Laser have for further development of the M3 linear for large aerospace components. There are also practical aspects to be considered when building large parts. Larger volume components require greater volumes of powder and hence a robust and stable platform to accommodate the weight. Having then built a large volume, and potentially very heavy component, safe and easy removal is essential. The M3 linear machine is built around a substantial fabricated framework and already incorporates a removable build module enabling the module and component to be easily positioned under an overhead crane if required. The success of this exercise and the current collaboration between Material Solutions and Concept Laser will be used to define the future strategies that will eventually see parts manufactured by ALM techniques leave the laboratory and take to the air.

Effect of Government Policies on Pricing Strategies

Effect of Government Policies on Pricing Strategies Long-Term Investment Decisions April Barnes Dr. Bernadette West Abstract In this paper I will outline a plan that managers in the low-calorie microwaveable food company could follow when selecting pricing strategies for making their products as inelastic as possible. I will then examine the major effects that government policies have on production and employment. I will predict the potential effects that government policies could have on the company. Afterwards, I will determine whether or not government regulation to ensure fairness in the low-calorie microwavable food industry is needed and cite the major reasons for government involvement in a market economy. After I will examine the major complexities that would arise under expansion via capital projects and propose key actions that the company could take in order to prevent or address these complexities. Lastly, I will suggest the substantive manner in which the company could create a convergence between the interests of stockholders and managers and indicate the most likely impact to profitability o f such a convergence. Outline a plan that managers in the low-calorie microwaveable food company could follow when selecting pricing strategies for making their products as inelastic as possible. Provide a rationale for your response. The price elasticity of demand affects a company’s pricing strategies by determining the optimal profit margin. Price elasticity of demand defines the degree of change of demand in relation to the change in price of a product. The higher the elasticity, the higher the demand fluctuates in response to price. In general, most companies would like for their products to be inelastic. When a product is inelastic, the price of the good may increase, while the supply and demand of the product are unaffected. In other words, if the price of a product were to go up, consumers would still buy the product, as well as if the product price were to go down, consumers would still buy the product (Investopedia Inelastic, 2014). When considering the inelasticity of a product it is important to select the proper pricing strategy. When it comes to selecting the best pricing strategy, it is best to first understand what consumers are willing to spend on a product. This can be done by conducting m arket research and surveys. Managers can also select the pricing strategy by making reasonable assumptions based on historic purchases and patterns. Then managers should consider the competition and the quality of their products. If the competitor sells a product with high quality at a certain price, it is not feasible to sell a similar product with lower quality at a higher price point. The managers should first plan to sell each unit or product at the lowest price possible while still being able to break even and pay for all of the company’s expenses. When it comes to price strategizing, there is no potential for price discrimination. Price discrimination occurs when a seller sells a product for the highest price the consumer is willing to pay for (Investopedia Price Discrimination, 2014). When it comes to a microwaveable food company, there is no reason to sell products at different prices for each customer as it is also illegal. Examine the major effects that government policies have on production and employment. Predict the potential effects that government policies could have on your company. Government regulations and policies can have a positive as well as a negative impact on production and employment. when imposed on businesses substantially increase production and operating costs of the business which could result in reduced operating and economic profit, earning per share, earning stream, dividend and eventually market equity value for shareholders. The United States regulatory stringency has contributed to loss of U.S. manufacturing firms’ competitiveness in the international markets. This loss of competitiveness is believed to be reflected in declining exports, increasing imports and a long-term movement of manufacturing capacity from United States to other countries. As mentioned, government policies can have a positive impact as well, for example; the food safety regulations. The food safety regulations are standards and procedures that companies must follow to maintain a safe and sanitary environment for employees as well as for the consumers who purchas e the products (Food Safety Program, 2014). Food safety consists of regulating prepping, handling, and storage of food in ways that prevent foodborne illness and other sicknesses. If these rules were not in place, companies would manage food in any way they please and could potentially get consumers sick and face numerous lawsuits. Determine whether or not government regulation to ensure fairness in the low-calorie microwavable food industry is needed. Cite the major reasons for government involvement in a market economy. Provide two (2) examples of government involvement in a similar market economy to support your response. Government regulation is needed to ensure fairness in the low-calorie microwavable food industry. Government involvement is needed in a market economy to maintain social efficiency and equity. Social efficiency is attained at the mark where the marginal benefits to consumers for either production or consumption are equivalent to the marginal costs of either consumption or production. Matters of equity are challenging to evaluate due to the subjective assessment of what is and isn’t a fair sharing of resources (Pearson Education, 2010). As similar to the automotive industry, the government regulates many aspects. The government regulates auto manufacturing, repair, maintenance, recycling, sales and dealerships. The government also has policies regarding environmental, safety, and import regulations and standards (SBA, 2014). Examine the major complexities that would arise under expansion via capital projects. Propose key actions that the company could take in order to prevent or address these complexities. Capital expansion is generally an investment in a major company that wishes to expand or restructure operations without losing control of the business. Some disadvantages that may be faced when undergoing capital expansion would be business owners potentially losing a percentage of the company, investors wanting to be a part of day to day discussions and decisions as well as company secrets revealed (G. Segal, 2013). In order to address these complexities, the company can set up regulations or contracts with the investors or equity partners stating the conditions and ownership of the company. Suggest the substantive manner in which the company could create a convergence between the interests of stockholders and managers. Indicate the most likely impact to profitability of such a convergence. Provide two (2) examples of instances that support your response. One recommendation would be that the stockholders become very careful and adamant about the company’s expenses and cash flow. By creating share owners out of management, executive management will take action in its greatest interest as a shareowner, in which will be of an advantage to all equity investors (M. Anson, 2004). Creating share owners out of management would likely survive a merger or capital expansion because this gives the opportunity for the owners and investors to work together and make decisions that are best for the company. References DOH (2014) â€Å"Food Safety Rules and Regulations† retrieved on March 8, 2014 from: http://www.doh.wa.gov/CommunityandEnvironment/Food/FoodWorkerandIndustry/FoodSafetyRules.aspx G. Segal (2013) â€Å"WHAT ARE THE PROS AND CONS OF USING EQUITY CAPITAL?† retrieved on March 8, 2014 from: http://chironthebusinessdoctor.com/the-pros-and-cons-of-using-equity-capital/ Investopedia (2014) â€Å"Inelastic† retrieved on March 8, 2014 from: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/inelastic.asp Investopedia (2014) â€Å"Price Discrimination† retrieved on March 8, 2014 from: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/price_discrimination.asp M. Anson (2004) â€Å"ALIGNING THE INTERESTS OF AGENTS AND OWNERS: AN EMPIRICAL EXAMINATION OF EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION† retrieved on March 8, 2014 from: http://iveybusinessjournal.com/topics/governance/aligning-the-interests-of-agents-and-owners-an-empirical-examination-of-executive-compensation#.Uxuyo_ldUuc Pearson Education (2010) â€Å"Reasons for Government Intervention in the Market† retrieved on March 8, 2014 from: http://wps.pearsoned.co.uk/ema_uk_he_sloman_econbus_3/18/4748/1215583.cw/ SBA (2014) â€Å"Automotive† retrieved on March 8, 2014 from: http://www.sba.gov/content/automotive 1

Ancient Egypt :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ancient Egypt was a very important time in our time period. They had their own way of life. Egyptians had their own writing, burials, government, religion, cooking, and games. They were educated people with many talents. They were good with their hands and brains. Ancient Egyptians were a magnificent race of people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Ancient Egyptians called their country Kemet, which means â€Å"Black Land.† The dark soil from the Nile River was very fertile. The Nile overflowed at the same time every year, leaving farmers with very fertile soil. The Nile provided much needed water for their crops during the dry season by using their irrigation system. The Nile River also provided the Egyptians with drinking water, and a way for them to travel, allowing them to explore and trade. In addition, the desert around the river was called â€Å"Red Land† by the Egyptians. This is where they lived, grew and prospered. The desert provided much gold for the Egyptians to trade with other countries or to keep for themselves. They brought back silver from Syria, cedar wood, oils, and horses from Lebanon, copper from Cyprus, gems from Afghanistan, ebony, wood, and ivory from Africa, and incense from Punt.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Egyptians cherished family life the way we cherish food or money. Children were considered a blessing. They prayed for them and used magic to have children, but if a couple could not conceive they adopted. Men were the head of the household and the oldest son inherited everything of the father’s.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Egyptian women were to obey their fathers and husbands, but were equal in many other ways. For example, women could have jobs, some rights in court cases, and they were able to own land. Women were also allowed to own businesses. Only noble women, however, could be priestesses. The women raised the children and took care of the house. Wealthy families would hire maids and nannies to do such things. Divorce was not common in Ancient Egypt, though it was an option. Problems were talked about between families, and if they could not be settled a divorce would take place. Some women became rulers but only in secret. The only woman who ruled as a phara oh in the open was Queen Hatsheput. Ordinary men normally had one wife, while pharaohs and kings had several. Most marriages were arranged by parents. Most girls married at age twelve while boys were usually a little older.

The Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson Essay -- Mrs. Ma

The Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson In â€Å"A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson,† Mary Rowlandson, a Puritan mother from Lancaster, Massachusetts, recounts the invasion of her town by Indians in 1676 during â€Å"King Philip’s War,† when the Indians attempted to regain their tribal lands. She describes the period of time where she is held under captivity by the Indians, and the dire circumstances under which she lives. During these terrible weeks, Mary Rowlandson deals with the death of her youngest child, the absence of her Christian family and friends, the terrible conditions that she must survive, and her struggle to maintain her faith in God. She also learns how to cope with the Indians amongst whom she lives, which causes her attitude towards them to undergo several changes. At first, she is utterly appalled by their lifestyle and actions, but as time passes she grows dependent upon them, and by the end of her captivity, she almost admires their abil ity to survive the harshest times with a very minimal amount of possessions and resources. Despite her growing awe of the Indian lifestyle, her attitude towards them always maintains a view that they are the â€Å"enemy.† In the beginning of the narrative, Mary Rowlandson describes the manner in which the Indians invade her home, kill many of her friends, and drag her away from her husband and two children. She watches as the â€Å"murderous Wretches [burn] and [destroy]† her home before her eyes. It is the â€Å"dolefullest day that [her] eyes have ever [seen].† At this point in time, Mary has no knowledge of the Indian lifestyle, or even of their motive for ravaging the land of the colonists. She sees them merely as merciless heathens who come from Satan. Mary writes that before the incident, she said that if â€Å"the Indians should come, [she] should choose rather to be killed by them then [be] taken alive,†(124) but when that choice actually comes to her, she chooses to go with them, despite her unwillingness. At this point, she puts her life into the Indians’ hands. Once they leave the town, Mary and the Indians begin a series of â€Å"removes,† or moves to di fferent areas of the New England wilderness. Mary describes the celebration rituals of the Indians, where they dance and chant, and â€Å"[make] the place a lively resemblance of hell!† Their unchristian lifestyle... ...en she goes home to her family and friends, her attitude toward Indians in general changes greatly. At first, living with Indians is the most appalling thought that she could ever have. Over time, she realizes that she must somewhat befriend them in order to survive adequately. In the end, she even appreciates the Indians, and the experiences she has had with them. Her captivity also brings her closer to God, because during every hardship, she turns to her faith to help her through it. Her time with the Indians also gave her the affliction that she had always hoped for. Mary lived in prosperity before, and had too many comforts of the world around her. The journeys with the Indians give her a kind of reality check, because she sees that not everyone lives in prosperity as she did. The biggest lesson that she learns is to â€Å"look beyond present and smaller troubles, and be quieted under them, as Moses said, Exodus.xiv.13, Stand still, and see the salvation of the Lord.† Work Cited Rowlandson, Mary. A True History of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson.In Women’s Indian Captivity Narratives. Ed. Kathryn Zabelle Derounian-Stodola. New York: Penguin Books, 1998.

Critical Issue Analysis

University of Phoenix Material Critical Issue Analysis After reading the selected critical issue, use the following questions to analyze the issue. Issue 3 – Is Psychological Debriefing a Harmful Intervention for Survivors of Trauma? 1. What are at least two facts presented by each side of the critical issue? Devilly & Cotton who represent the con side of the agreement present many different facts. Two that stand out is: that psychological debriefing â€Å". . . more of a â€Å"moral maintenance† intervention qua gesture of employer support, rather than a clinical intervention influencing distress and clinical symptomatolgy. Halgin, 2009, p. 68. ) Devilliy & Cotton also point to the fact it is a company’s way to protect again unwanted litigation. By providing employees with psychological debriefing it keeps them from later having an employee suing the company for damages from the traumatic event. Mitchell points out that crisis intervention is a support system f or those who have suffered trauma. Also note that for a fact that Critical Incident Stress Management â€Å". . . program includes many tactics and techniques, but it is not limited to. . . Crisis assessment services and strategic planning programs Family support services Individual, peer-provided crisis intervention services. Pre-crisis education programs Large group crisis interventions The provision of food and fluids to work crews Rotation and resting of work crews Advice to command staff and supervisors Small group crisis interventions Follow up services and referral services Post-crisis education And many other services. (Halgin, 2009, p. 77). 2. What are at least two opinions presented by each side of the critical issue? Con: 1.They claim that â€Å"During times of organizational upheaval and personal and interpersonal crisis, organization frequently access the services of psychologist to help mitigate the long-term consequences of these occurrences. † Halgin, 2009, p . 61) 2. The claim that CISD and CISM may be one in the same; or may or may not have a definite procedure detailing it. . These seem to be just claims and there is no evidence supporting the claims. Pro: 1. That Mitchell claims CISM to be psychological debriefing, but then state â€Å"crisis intervention is a support service, not psychotherapy or a substitute for psychotherapy. (Halgin, 2009, p. 78). This claim to me states it is not psychological debriefing. 2. Mitchell’s opinion that â€Å". . . negative outcome studies represent a hodgepodge of different types of intervention which do not equate the actual CISD but which loosely use the terminology â€Å"CISD†Ã¢â‚¬ . (p. 81). This seems like a personal opinion in that it the CISD did not work due to the ones using it not following the proper protocol. I would like to see how these other programs that did not work which he calls hodgepodge to see if they did use it correctly or if he was maybe offended by it not w orking. 3.What are some of the strengths associated with the Pro side of the issue? What are some of the weaknesses? Mitchell strengths would be that he seems to be the leader in the Critical Incident Stress Debriefing, as he first wrote about it in 1983. (Halgin, 2009, p. 78). Mitchell’s response to Davilly & Cotton is what their weakness was. They response to their statements, rather than spend the time to show how critical Incident stress debriefing or critical incident stress management works in practice. I think that would have been a better response to Davilly & Cotton, so layout how it works, show examples and give some test study data. . What are some of the strengths associated with the Con side of the issue? What are some of the weaknesses? I believe the strength of Davilly and & Cotton was that they took the time to define and try to show the differences between Critical Incident Stress Debriefing and Critical Incident Stress Management. As well as defining what ps ychology debriefing entails. Their weakness would be it was how to read, it did not flow easy for the readers and somewhat confusing. Also another weakness which was pointed out by Mitchell was that they did not seem to do much deep research for other papers written on the topic. 5.How credible were the authors of each argument? Explain your answer. Davilly & Cotton when to detail on what psychological debriefing was and how there are many different forms of it with: Critical Incident Stress Debriefing and Critical Incident Stress Management. Also how these two really kind of play hand in hand and might be the same thing. Therefore it is hard to tell the difference between the two. They tried to break down how these two systems work and the outcomes of such programs. Mitchell was credible in from the first paragraph notes that â€Å"In 1983 I wrote the first article ever written on Critical Incident Stress Debriefing. . â€Å" (Halgin, 2009, p. 78). Uses the programs during an eve nt rather than after. 6. Based on the statements presented in this critical issue, which author do you agree with? Why? While both sides had concrete evidence supporting their claims; I think I would have to agree with Davilly & Cotton. But can see how both work so I do not think one is better than the other. They provided more studies and data in comparison to Mitchell who just mentioned them. I might be swayed the other way if I went and did my own research.Also Mitchell noted that they call it â€Å"Crisis intervention is a support service, not psychotherapy or substitute for psychotherapy. † (Halgin, 2009, p. 78) That sentence literally stuck with me while I read the rest of their response to Davilly and Cotton. With that statement to me it does not seem that are really using psychological debriefing. I feel that Mitchell is using a type of assessment to see who then needs to move forward with psychology debriefing. Also that critical incident stress management is a proce ss which is used doing an ongoing traumatic event such as natural disaster.Without doing my own research on the matter on the article he mentioned I cannot say he clearly defended themselves. With Mitchell’s claims on critical incident stress management provides help during an traumatic event could be helpful, but I would like to see more studies on how it has worked or hasn’t. Therefore I side with Davilly and Cotton more than Mitchell. While I do not feel psychological debriefing would work for everyone I am interested in the topic and feel more research is need to learn more about it. 7.Which side of this critical issue does contemporary research support? Please provide specific examples in your response. In my personal opinion I would think that contemporary research would support Mitchell’s claim that psychological debriefing is indeed a good thing. I think this to be true because of the being on hand during the event to help those who are facing the experi ence firsthand and how it will relay to the aftermath and how and if treatment is provide for those victims and first responders after wards.

Curricular Ramifications

The employment of computer technologies in elementary school education has significantly increased across the globe. The benefits and advantages of computer-based learning have been comprehensively discussed, yet it is also important to enumerate the ramifications associated with this endeavor. However, it is imperative to determine whether this technologically intense activity is appropriate for application to young children attending elementary school education. This paper will identify several issues that are associated with the use of computers in teaching basic lessons to young school children.One of the most alarming reports regarding the ramifications of computer-based instruction at the grade school level is that the brains of young children are inundated with so much information at an early age (Healy, 1998). It has been earlier established that the brains of young children are still undergoing further development and thus it is best to allow time and the normal activities t o enhance the young individual’s brain capacity as he grows through adolescence and adulthood.The exposure of young children to computer programs is thus a novel experience that has not been fully examined with regards to its long-term effects of human behavior and cognition (Kay, 1992). It is acceptable that adults employ computers at work and at home, yet allowing young children to use computers at such an early age may be rushing their underdeveloped brains to mature at a faster pace. Another issue associated with the employment of computers in elementary school education is that the quality of software programs may significantly vary, depending on the designer or creator of the program.There are currently so many software programs that assist a computer user in uploading, integrating and consolidating different types of information on a computer. It is thus possible that the computer program that is used by a certain elementary school has not been reviewed and endorsed by the school district and thus the school children may be affected in terms of their learning skills and behavior. The ideal computer program that could assist in teaching grade school children should not only include lessons on how to count or read, but also instill good morals, as well as conduct (Cassell and Jenkins, 1998).It may thus be possible that the computer program employed by a certain school was simply purchased based on the price of the software packaged. There are so many versions of tutorial software that are featured with violent activities that attempt to teach children how to count or read. It is therefore important that computer programs are designed as a simulation of classroom lessons, which will always include teaching of proper attitudes and behaviors.Another issue that may result from the use of computer programs in teaching lessons at the elementary school level is the decrease in interpersonal interactions among students (Whitley, 1997). One features of elem entary school education is that these children are allowed to interact with other children of the same age, as they also learn lessons from their teachers. The employment of computers in teaching lessons to these young children therefore removes the social interactions that are important in shaping the personality of a child.Computer programs will thus accumulate more time spent sitting on a desk and staring at a computer screen. The young schoolchildren will thus lose significant time in playing and interacting with other children. Computer-based learning may also decrease the opportunities for a young child to learn the concept of cause and effect, which is strongly linked to social exchange with other children. It is generally observed that compassion is often learned at children and this is mainly through seeing what happens when one child is affected by a particular stimulus in the environment.In the case of employment of computers in elementary schools, children will be left w ith less time interacting with children and thus they might not learn how to appropriately interact with other people. The effect of this setting may not be immediately seen unless they have already grown older as full adults (Whitley, 1997). Another issue associated with computer programs in the elementary school level is gender difference in the use and appreciation of computers (Barker and Aspray, 2006).According to earlier reports, grade school-age boys are more comfortable in using computers than girls, thus reflecting the concept of male dominance in computer technology use (Butler, 2000). This gender difference may therefore affect the performance and learning capacity of the female school children, as these do not fully appreciate the reason why they have to use computers in learning specific lessons at school. In addition, there are reports that describe that elementary school-age girls develop an increase in their negative perception of computers when they reach the age ra nge of 12 to 13 years of age (Kay, 2006a).On the other hand, boys of this same age range show an increase in their interest on computers, and thus reflect the significant improvement of their test scores from computer lessons and activities (Kay, 2006b). It has been suggested that this correlation between boys and computer use is influenced by the sense of confidence that this gender feels as they use such technological gadgets. Another obstacle that is associated with the use of computer technology in elementary school instruction is the difficulty of teachers in integrating this technology in their curriculum (Jenson and Rose, 2003).It is critical to understand that computers have only been employed in most human activity in the last twenty to thirty years. In addition, it has only been in the last 15 years that communication methods such as the email and short message service have been fully appreciated by society. It is thus possible that there are certain teachers in elementary schools around that world that are still not comfortable with using computers in their teaching curriculum.There are some teachers that would rather stick with the old classical method of instruction, especially when they have been teaching young children with only the basic lessons of reading, mathematics and writing (Howe, 1997). In the case where the Department of Education or the school district obliges all elementary school teachers to integrate computer programs in their teaching curriculum, this may present some form of stress of certain teachers that are not used to this technology.It is thus important that teachers be highly trained with regards to the use and the recognition of the advantages of including computers in their curriculum. It will be disappointing to see reports in the futures which describe teachers that are misguiding young school children in their classroom lessons because the teacher himself is not familiar with using a computer program. Given these ramif ications on the curriculum of elementary schools, it is thus important that the decision and choices made with regards to computer use be thoroughly reviewed and assessed.Elementary schoolchildren’s brains are highly malleable and thus it is critical that the appropriate and relevant measure are undertaken in order to ensure good educations among these young individuals. References Barker, L. J. and Aspray, W. (2006). The state of research on girls and IT. In: Cohoon, J. M. and Aspray, E. (eds. ). Women and Information Technology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pages 3–54. Butler, D. (2000). Gender, girls, and computer technology: What's the status now? Clearing House, 73, 225–229. Cassell, J. and Jenkins, H. (1998). From Barbie to Mortal Kombat: Gender and computer games.Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Jenson, J. and Rose, C. B. (2003). [email  protected]: Listening to gendered relations of power in teachers’ talk about new technologies. Gender and Education, 15, 169–181. Healy, J. (1998). Failure to Connect: How Computers Affect Our Children’s Minds – For Better or Worse. New York: Simon & Schuster. Howe, K. (1997). Understanding Equal Educational Opportunity: Social Justice, Democracy and Schooling. New York: Teachers College Press Kay, R. H. (1992). An analysis of methods used to examine gender differences in computer-related behaviour.Journal of Educational Computing Research, 8, 323–336. Kay, R. H. (2006a). Addressing gender differences in computer ability, attitudes and use: The laptop effect. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 34, 187–211. Kay, R. H. (2006b). Evaluating strategies used to incorporate technology into preservice education: A review of the literature. Journal of Research on Technology and Education, 38, 383–408. Whitley, B. E. (1997). Gender differences in computer-related attitudes and behaviors: A metaanalysis. Computers in Human Behavior, 13, 1–22. .

Health Care Informatics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Health Care Informatics - Essay Example 2. Improve efficiency through faster transmission of results between physicians and departments. That means that if, for example, a patient has undergone lab tests, an MRI, a CT and a stress EKG, all the results should be readily accessible at the time that the doctor makes a therapeutic or diagnostic decision. 3. Improve billing cycles. This means getting the necessary information to the billing department in a form which can be submitted to an outside agency for reimbursement. Even in a heavy private-pay and HMO setting, such as this fictional clinic, it is important to have such an access. In a hospital which does, for example, $360 million in Medicare, Medicaid and third-party insurance billing per year, a 1-day saving in time from procedure to billing can shave $1 million off that hospital's accounts receivable (i.e. free up cash of $1 million for every day saved). 4. Make healthcare delivery more efficient and productive. Hospitals are in a service business, but are relatively people-intensive and unorganized. To the extent that a hospital can use computer tools to reduce staff per patient, staff per procedure, or staff per dollar of patient revenue, those computer tools help the hospital to be more efficient and productive. 5. Link to outside institutions which refer patients to our facility. Hospitals which value their high-margin operations, such as cardiology, oncology and orthopedics, depend on outside referral from primary care physicians and community hospitals. The better the connectivity between the referring doctor and this institution, the more likely that this hospital will receive those patients. Three strategic goals 1. To become the number one hospital in the region for patient referrals for tertiary care. That means that this hospital needs to establish, then maintain, a better outcomes record than other hospitals in the region. 2. To reach out to patients directly, in a way that involves the referring physician, but gives the patient the ability to help understand and direct his/her health care. 3. To use computing to supplant humans as the primary mode of communication. The longer-term goal is to eliminate paper, entice the health care professionals to use computer tools more thoroughly, and thereby to improve productivity. 2. Search the Internet for information about joint application design (JAD). Summarize the information you learned in the form of a memo to your supervisor outlining the use of JAD in the development of an RFP. Memo To: Mr. Supervisor Re: Relevance of applying Joint Application Design (JAD) to our implementation of new computer infrastructure. Dear ___, This memo covers the application of the tools of JAD to our specific situation at the Clinic. I believe that proper application of this technique will help us in developing a

Web activity 2 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Web activity 2 - Research Paper Example The value proposed by these scientists is higher than VAP measure because the VAP measure does not account for increased number of immigrants along with convicted felons while calculating the total population that can vote in presidential elections. This is why the VEP has been able to calculate a higher rate of turn around as compared to the VAP. While calculating the figures of voting population one should use the VEP measure because it takes into consideration the demographics of the population that is technically eligible to vote. The population that passes the eligibility test is the ones who are registered to vote. It eliminates those who can not register or vote which includes those who are non citizens and those who are considered as felons (United States Elections Project 2008). VEP is more appropriate than VAP because the registration has become easier than before; new programs such as mail services have been used by the US to register voters. Due to introduction of technology in voting registration, the numbers have increased and should be clearly taken into account. The total turnaround rate of US is higher than the total turnaround rate of Texas even though several new ways of voting have been used such as the mailing and online registration system. This is due to several reasons which mainly include socio and economical reasons. One of the main reasons is that the education and literacy rate of Texas is quite low and a huge number of the population is below the eligibility age. Secondly due to lower literacy rate, the population of Texas has failed to use the advance ways of registering and voting. The total population of Texas is heavily covered by minorities who do not get a chance to vote or fear

Carabba Restaurant Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Carabba Restaurant - Case Study Example In two words the character could be described as "cozied up". Deep comfortable booths would be installed to make you feel pampered and a combined Venice beach/Italian dcor that takes you back to another era. Front and centre would be a huge photograph of the boardwalk as it was in 1910, when ladies took their parasols along for the stroll and the men wore straw hats. Posters and signage on the walls come from the days when wine and grappa were still being served as a matter of course. e. Promotion - At the opening of the season I would present my own Carnivale on the boardwalk thus creating my own Italian Boardwalk. The website provides some amusing promotional ideas such as the "in love" campaign. In addition to that I would seek to bring children into the contest as well. I would have them tell me what is their favorite Italian dish, or maybe even do an outdoor cook off with kids cooking their favorite Italian dish and the winning dish has a place of honor on our children's menu. Depending on reception, this would be a once a month contest. a. Media selection - A new restaurant is usually a highly-anticipated event in many smaller cities. Heighten this anticipation by promoting the restaurant even while you're still working on construction. Make sure you hang a banner announcing the arrival of a new and exciting restaurant. Generate positive word of mouth advertising through radio spots and print media. By the time you are ready to open the doors, you should have a crowd of hungry customers waiting. Restaurants typically enjoy a 'honeymoon' period where business is booming and new customers are pouring in. What I want to do is keep enough of those customers coming back for more. Within reason, I would promote our best dishes with 'two for one' deals or other heavy discounts b. Message content I'll want to find a theme for the restaurant that is exciting and innovating, or at least different than the competition. Basically, a good restaurant environment seduces the customer into ordering higher-ticket specialty foods and also encourages return visits. But 'gimmicks' must be kept to a minimum for long-term success. I would decorate the walls with theme-related items, such as antiques or imported Italian delicacies. Uniforms that match the theme and decor of the restaurant. Background music is essential, and offers a chance to emphasize the theme even more.

Small Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Small Business - Essay Example The major advantages are that a franchisee is able to establish and operate a well established business in a new area where the whole marketing system inputs and guidelines are provided by the franchisor on a continuous basis. The franchisee is able to start business with a relatively small initial investment that has prospects of good return with immediate effects. The recurrent training and proven marketing strategies provided by the franchisor boost the confidence of the franchisee and help him to expand his business significantly. The main limitations are the loss of independence in running the business as one wants and restriction in the operational area comprising mainly of the goods and services that can be sold in specific areas. Other conditions like the restrictions on resale of franchisee rights and the individual advertising efforts are hurdles that restrict further scope for the franchisee. The main advantages of franchisor are that they are able to expand their business and spread them in wider areas of operation in a relatively short time and with reduced capital cost. By facilitating goods and services to the franchisee, the franchisor is relieved of the pressures of day today operation and therefore is better able to focus on his core business and developing network activities and franchisee support programs and strategies. The major aspect is that he is able to control the appearance and operation of the franchisee outlets as per his standards, thereby help maintain the credibility and high standard of his brands. The limitations of the potential franchisor are that it needs to keep updated with the training and strategies for its franchisee to meet the emerging challenges of the advancing technologies. Though the profit margins are considerably reduced but the widening network of franchisee, selected judiciously, help increase the overall profit with considerably less stress. Another major limitation is that expanding in foreign

Theory paper for sociology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Theory paper for sociology - Essay Example Thus, family acts as an integrating mechanism. Secondly, family helps create social order. In this way family acts as a unit of stability for the society to function as a whole. Talcott Parsons takes this concept a step further by explaining two essential functions of family. These functions tell us the way the family behaves and tells us the behavior of the individuals in the family. The first essential function of the family is the primary socialization of the young. Parsons (1951) argues that families are like factories producing human personalities and identities. It is the family alone that provides the security and emotional covering to the individual at an early age. An example of such behavior is the christening of the child or when they celebrate birthdays. The child learns that society is like a human organism where pains and happiness is shared. The family is a miniature society and behaves in a similar way. The other function of family mentioned by Parsons is the stabiliz ation of adult personalities. According to him through the sexual division of labor family helps maintain adult personalities and stabilizes them. The man has the instrumental role of a bread winner and the female has an expressive role within the family.

Level of Stress Among Call Centre Employees Essay Example for Free

Level of Stress Among Call Centre Employees Essay Level of Stress among Call Centre Employees Submission date: 8th January, 2008 Submitted By: Ayesha Khalid Ayesha Sarfaraz Nazool-e-Tabassum Saira Khan Mussaffa Butt Submitted to Dr. Farah Malik Associate Professor Department of Psychology Government College University Lahore Introduction Stress is used as a general label for a vast complex, interdisciplinary area of interest and study, much of which is health related. Most often stress is related to personal discomfort associated with an over demanding or distressing lifestyle situation (Adams Bromley, 1998) stress is a part of everyday life, we experience stress each day, although it is acknowledged that the degree of stress varies considerably depending on the complexity of the situation and availability of support. For some, the stress is manageable and work or home life is not affected. For others, however, the stress reaches a critical point where there may be a need for medical or psychiatric assistance (Weiten, 2001). The causes of stress can include any event or occurrence that a person considers a threat to his or her coping strategies or resources. Researchers generally agree that a certain degree of stress is a normal part of a living organisms response to the inevitable changes in its physical or social environment, and that positive, as well as negative, events can generate stress as well as negative occurrences (Frey, 2002). There can be innumerable stress factors since different individuals react differently to the same stress conditions. Extreme stress situations for an individual may prove to be mild for another, for yet another person the situations might not qualify as stressing at all. (http://www. lifepositive. com/stress. html). The fact that women report and exhibit higher level of psychological distress than men has been explained in three major ways. The methodological artifact explanation suggests that women are socialized to be more expressive and therefore will admit more emotional symptoms than men in response to the standard psychological stress (Frey, 2002). The stress exposure argument suggests that women face more stressor in general or more severe, persistent stressors than men. Whereas the vulnerability argument suggest that women lack coping resources such as high self esteem, a sense of mastery or appropriate coping strategies for handling the stressors to which they are exposed. Newman (1984 c. f. Eckenrode, 1991) suggested that women over report minor symptoms that inflate over all distress scores (Eller, 2000). Stress in humans in general results from interactions between persons and their environment that are perceived as straining or exceeding their adaptive capacities and threatening their well-being. The element of perception indicates that human stress responses reflect differences in personality, as well as differences in physical strength or general health (Frey, 2002). Stress is often termed as a twentieth century syndrome, born out of mans race towards modern progress and its ensuing complexities. For that matter, causes such as a simple flight delay to managing a teenage child at home can put you under stress. Listing the causes of stress is tricky yet replete with practical diversity (http://www. lifepositive. com/stress. html). General cause of stress include primarily, Threat; a perceived threat will lead a person to feel stressed. This can include physical threats, social threats, financial threat, and so on. Fear; Fear leads to imagined outcomes, which are the real source of stress. Uncertainty; When people are not certain, they are unable to predict, and hence feel they are not in control, and hence may feel fear or feel threatened by that which is causing the uncertainty (http://www. workstress. net/causes. htm). Apart from certain general causes another reason is cognitive dissonance; it is when there is a gap between what people do and what they think, then the outcome experience is cognitive dissonance, which is felt as stress.

Leadership: Impact On A Healthcare Organization

Leadership: Impact On A Healthcare Organization The field of health-care is labor intensive and based on powerful know-how (Kanste, 2008). In contemporary medicine both therapeutic as well as nursing tasks are performed by a team, rather than an individual, being it a doctor or a nurse, respectively. No team work can be effective without a leader; this is also true for good nursing in which the leadership is very crucial and vital. All the results of good nursing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦may be spoiled or utterly negative by one defect, viz: in petty management (Florence Nightingale as cited in McEachen Keogh, 2007, pg.01). The health care environment becomes more competitive every day. There are few professions in which the complications of poor performance are as serious as in nursing and there are few professionals who feel the pressure of responsibility more keenly than nurses (Kenmore, 2008). This paper presents discourses on the contemporary leadership styles and highlights the characteristics and development of an effective leader a nd discusses the impact of effective leader on organisations potential to succeed. Leadership styles The continued search for good leaders resulted in the development of many leadership theories. Although leadership is not a new concept, and its fundamental function is well documented, there is no theoretical agreement or a universal definition of leadership (Farag, Mc Guinness Anthony, 2009; Mahoney, 2004 and Murphy, 2005). However, some scholars believe that certain leadership characteristics or personality traits are innate in effective leaders (Murphy, 2005). Thus the perspectives of Great man or trait theories which dominated until 1950s, states that leader are born and not made (Murphy, 2005). In the 1950s, behavioural and social scientists began to analyse leadership behaviour. The behavioural theory says that leaders are not born to lead, but learn leadership behaviour (McEachen Keogh, 2007). The efforts of these researchers were fundamental in isolation of three common leadership styles: autocratic, democratic and lassiez-faire (Murphy, 2005). The Contingency theory by Fi edler was further expanded by Herset, Blanchard and Johnson as the Situational theory (Murphy, 2005). Later, some contemporary leadership theories such as the charismatic, transactional, transformational and shared leadership theory gave rise to the contemporary leadership styles (Murphy, 2005). The contemporary leadership styles include quantum, charismatic, transactional, transformational, relational, shared and servant leadership (Murphy, 2005).Though there are many leadership styles identified in the literature, laissez-faire, transactional and transformational leadership styles are the primary leadership styles identified in the nursing and management studies (Farag et al., 2009). Laissez-faire leadership indicates the absence of leadership (McGuire Kennerly, 2006). This leadership style is ineffective in promoting purposeful interaction and it contributes to organizational demise (McGuire Kennerly, 2006). Transactional leaders view the leader-follower relationship as a process of exchange (McGuire Kennerly, 2006). On the other hand, transformational leadership is a process that motivates followers by appealing to higher ideals and moral values (Trofino, 2005). The transactional leader sets goals, gives directions and tends to gain compliance by offering rewards for performance (McEachen Keogh, 2007). Whereas, by inspiring a shared vision through clear roles, effective teamwork and providing feedback on individual or team performance transformational leaders enables the staff to explore their professional practice (Halm, 2010). The three elements of transactional leadership are: contingent reward, where the leader provides reward that is dependent on the performance; passive management by exception, where the leader takes corrective action when problems arise and active management by exception, where the leader takes corrective action in anticipation of problem (Chen, Beck Amos, 200 5; McGuire Kennerly, 2006; Rukmani, Ramesh Jayakrishnan, 2010). Similarly, the four elements of transformational leadership are idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration (McGuire Kennerly, 2006; Halm, 2010). The expected outcome of transactional leadership is enhanced role clarity, job satisfaction and improved performance (McGuire Kennerly, 2006). On the contrary, the ultimate outcome of transformational leadership is to change the mental model of employees, to link desired outcome to values held by employees and to build strong employee identification within the group or organization (McGuire Kennerly, 2006; Halm, 2010). There are also some pitfalls and limitations of transactional leadership. Transactional leadership might not yield the same results across culture; such as, most North American culture which emphasize individualism, whereas many Asian culture emphasize collectivism (McGuire Kennerly, 2006). Hence, transactional leaders need to understand at which level to establish their reward system- individual or collective reward (McGuire Kennerly, 2006). Transactional leaders cannot provide leadership over task areas in which they have no expert knowledge (McGuire Kennerly, 2006). Likewise, there are some limitations to transformational leadership. Transformational leaders need to be updated in their knowledge and skills (McGuire Kennerly, 2006; Halm, 2010). There is a growing demand for evidence-based decision making, where, to show leadership, a transformational leader need to cite hard and factual evidence, as transformational leaders have nothing worth saying without strong evidence. Fin ally, the transformational leaders will be needed to inspire flexible, multi skilled work forces to bridge the barriers established by rigid job description and functional departments (Trofinio, 2004). Transformational leadership is not an alternative to transactional leadership, but it augments transactional leadership (Spinelli, 2006). Therefore, an effective leader achieves a balance between transformational and transactional behavior, thus creating a leadership style which matches the needs of followers (McGuire Kennerly, 2006). The current shortage of nurses at the bedside magnifies the importance of having a strong, clear, and supportive and inspiration leadership across health care organization (McGuire Kennerly, 2006). Characteristics and development of effective leader While there is disparity amongst the theorist definitions of leadership, there is consensus pertaining to qualities necessary to realize effective leader (Murphy, 2005). There are various traits of an effective leader mentioned throughout the literature. Having a vision is a key feature of effective leadership and it is the clarity of vision evolved by the leader about the future of the organization that distinguish them as effective (Joyce, 2009). An effective leader has a vision for the future, which helps him to set objectives, aims, goals and standards and to achieve the set goals; the leader has a plan to implement (Fletner, Mitchell, Norris Wolfe, 2008). Tomey (2009) mentions some of the essential leadership traits which also empower people. These include accessible, collaborative, communicative, flexible, good listener, honest, influential, knowledgeable, positive, supportive and visible (Tomey, 2009). An effective leader should also posses job knowledge, positive attitude, d elegation skills, positive partnership and should be a role model, dependable, motivating, and compassionate (Fletner et al., 2008; Cook Leathard, 2004). An effective leader must recognize the individual strength and weakness of each person involved, shifting focus as necessary in an effort to elevate each persons level of effectiveness as an individual and as a part of a team (Fletner et al., 2008). As Joyce, 2008, rightly quotes that effective leaders walk the talk. Consequently, there is consistency between their values, vision, standards and behavior (Fletner et al., 2008; Joyce, 2008). A good leader should ideally possess all of the identified characteristics, or at least a majority of them (Fletner et al., 2008). Fletner et al. (2008) also reveal that any characteristics can be a leaders strength or weakness depending on the situational needs and persons involved in the given scenario. Neither there is just one characteristic that defines a leader, nor should, the entire identified characteristic be required when determining whether an individual would be an effective leader (Fletner et al., 2008). Likewise, to say one character istic is more important than the other is to fragment the idea of leadership (Fletner et al., 2008). A leader with insufficient leadership training might become exhausted in trying to achieve the organizational goals and thus, in turn, a leader might burnout and dissatisfaction among subordinates might increase (Chen, Beck Amos, 2005). One of the greatest challenges we face in nursing profession is to develop future nurse leaders (Jumaa, 2008; Kleinman, 2004; Mahoney, 2004; Murray DiCroce, 2003). Hence, training effective leaders has been proposed as a key to increase professionalism in nursing (Chen, Beck and Amos, 2005). Although it remains unclear, how to best prepare effective leaders, evidence suggest that graduate education may be an important precursor to the development of effective leadership style (Kleinman, 2004; Mahoney, 2004). Developing a relationship with specific academic provider of registered nurse to Bachelor of Science in nursing programs and graduate education in nursing administration may facilitate nurse managers returning for advanced education (Klienman, 2 004). Onsite and distance education programs may offset obstacles of scheduling and geography (Kleinman, 2004). The feasibility of mandating graduate education requirements for all practicing nurse managers is limited; therefore, continuing education strategies must focus on nurse manager leadership training (Kleinman, 2004; Mahoney, 2004; Wilson, 2005). An effective continuing educational program should consider providing monetary incentive and an organizational commitment that allows sufficient time to be spent on course work, in addition to management responsibilities (Kleinman, 2004). Conley, Branowicki and Hanley (2007), recommend a three component orientation for nursing leaders including nurse manger competencies, precepting by supervisor and written and classroom resources. Learning about the history of nursing, and especially about people who greatly influenced the development of nursing, has a fundamental meaning in fulfilling the vocation for nursing (Kosinska Niebroj, 2 004). In this context, the statement saying that history is a teacher of life seems to be true and of paramount importance for creating leaders (Kosinska Niebroj, 2004). The Leading Empowered Organizations(LEO) program, shared between United Kingdom and United State of America, is constructed around a model that identifies consensus decision making, interdependence, positive discipline, responsibility, authority and accountability as key areas of effective leading (Cook Leathard, 2004). Recognizing the need to invest in nurse managers to reduce turnover, the Pacific Northwest Nursing Leadership Institute was created in Washington State, in 2002, to support the development and preparation of nursing leaders (Wilson, 2005). Thus, there are various programs, education and institutions, to encourage the development of leadership skills among nurses; which highlights the impact that an effective leader can have on the organization. Impact of effective leadership on organization The inability of hospital to retain staff nurses threatens the adequacy of health care delivery and increases personnel and patient care costs (Kleinman, 2004). Many factors have led to rising health care costs, which have increased faster than the general inflation over the past three decades (Spinelli, 2006). Performance standards for effective leaders require them to be accountable for transactional processes such as budgets, productivity and quality monitoring; while at the same time displaying transformational characteristics by acting as a coach, mentor and a leader (Kleinman, 2004; Spinelli, 2006). A creative work climate has a strong relationship to job satisfaction and the nurse manager is an important link in creating such a climate (Sellgren, Ekvall, Tomson, 2006; DeCasterle, Willemse, Verschueren Milisen, 2008). Job satisfaction has been described as the most important predictor for nurses intention to remain employed (Sellgren et al., 2006; Carney, 2008). The perception of staff nurses towards the leadership behavior of their manager was significantly related to their job satisfaction (Sellgren et al., 2006; Klienman, 2004). Staff that perceives job satisfaction is essential for the ability to give high quality and safe care (Sellgren et al., 2006). Job dissatisfaction leads to absenteeism, problems of grievances, low morale and high turnover (Wong Cummings, 2007). On the contrary, poor leadership was found to be one of the main reasons for dissatisfaction and intention to leave (Neilsen, Yarker, Brenner, Randall and Borg, 2008 and Sellgren et al., 2006). Altered perfo rmance, affecting patient outcome, which in turn results in higher employment cost is also found to be associated with decreased job satisfaction (Wong Cummings, 2007). The findings of the study done by Wong and Cummings (2007) and Kenmore, (2008), suggest that there is a relationship between leadership and patient satisfaction, patient mortality and patient safety outcomes, adverse events and complications. Positive leadership behavior increased patient satisfaction, and decreased incidences of patient mortality, adverse events and complication (Wong Cummings, 2007). Effective nursing leadership is essential to the creation of practice environments with appropriate staffing level, that support nurses in preventing unnecessary death, adverse events and complications (Wong Cummings, 2007). A recent study done in mental health service organizations show that, both organizational culture and organizational climate impact work attitude and subsequently staff turnover (Wong Cummings, 2007). Effective leaders can also help in the recruitment process by recruiting staff as per the job description and thus help in the organizational development (Neilsen et al., 2008 and Sellgren et al., 2006). The study done by Wong and Cummings (2007), in Singapore, to determine the effect of leadership behavior on employee outcome, shows that in times of stress and chaos, leadership styles that transform, create meaning in the midst of turmoil and produce desirable employee outcome are more beneficial for organizations existence and performance. Conclusion In conclusion, it is apparent that nurses can lead the health care industry as they comprise the major component of all health care employees; being on the front line and having the most frequent direct contact with the patients and their families. The increasing emphasis on fiscal accountability in global recessionary times places even greater emphasis on measuring organizational effectiveness (Joyce, 2009). The need to move a health care organization forward in an era of declining profit margin, diminishing capacity, manpower shortages and technological expansion cannot be overstated. The call for the nurses to become recognized leaders of health care industry; possessing the knowledge, skills and attitudes relevant for effective leadership and the necessity to use the technology of the 21st century to aim for an essentially global community are the key perspective significant to nursing leadership and management(Jumaa, 2008). Effective leadership behavior is the key to productive and happily satisfied nurses with great organizational commitment. Nevertheless, it is how the leader leads in the context of the setting which is paramount. To sum up, positive or effective leadership is critical towards achieving and driving organizational effectiveness. Lymphatic Filariasis Disease: Causes and Treatments Lymphatic Filariasis Disease: Causes and Treatments Abstract Lymphatic Filariasis is a disease that is on the World Health Organizations (WHO) top ten list of diseases to eliminate by 2020. Left untreated and undetected, it can lead to a condition called Elephantiasis. The name comes from the severe swelling of the limbs that occurs during the chronic state of the disease. It is transmitted via mosquitoes to humans in tropical and sub-tropical climates and it is endemic in a large number of countries around the world. Prevention is possible via some very basic methods and early detection and treatment can prevent long-term consequences associated with the disease. Lymphatic Filariasis is a little known disease in the United States but it is on the World Health Organizations top ten list of diseases to eliminate along with Malaria and leprosy (Narain, J.P., Dash, A.P., Parnell, B., Bhattacharya, S.K., Barua, S., Bhatia, R. et al., 2010). A large portion of the population of the planet is at risk of contracting this often debilitating disease. Common Names Lymphatic Filariasis is also referred to as Bancrofts Filariasis and Elephantiasis when the disease it has progressed to its chronic state. (Elephantiasis, 2010). Causative Organisms The main causative organism is a microscopic parasitic roundworm. There are three different types of this worm: Wuchereria bancrofti (most common and makes up 90% of all cases), Brugia malay and Brugia timori (Longe, 2006). Wuchereria bancrofit lives in warm regions on every continent except North America (Callahan, 2002). Brugia malayi is primarily found in India, Southeast Asia and Indonesia (Callahan, 2002). Brugia timori is found to a very limited extent in Timor. Symptoms The disease has two stages, acute and chronic. When the disease is in the acute phase, the symptoms usually include a recurring fever and infections of the lymph vessels or nodes in the arms, legs or genitals which can lead to severe and permanent swelling of the lymph vessels and secondary infections (Elephantiasis, 2010). In the chronic stage, the worms block the lymphatic areas of the limbs which cause overgrowth of the limb or body part because the lymphatic system is not able to perform its function of draining fluid out of the area (Callahan, 2002). Males may also have swelling in the scrotum. This is how the disease gets the name of Elephantiasis because the limbs enlarge to the point where they resemble elephant limbs and the skin takes on a rough texture like elephant skin (Ferrara, 2010). Incubation Period The precise mechanism that causes the pathology of the disease is not known and some people who are infected may not show any signs or symptoms for many months and sometimes even years (Rajan, 2003). The parasite apparently only infects humans and has never been found to affect animals. The parasite migrates to the lymphatic vessels and takes up residence. It then matures into the worm over the course of a few months to one year and begin producing the microfilariae which is suspected of causing the initial fevers and chills that are the first symptoms of the disease (Rajan, 2003). Also, if a person is infected once, they may never actually develop any symptoms even though the worm is living in their lymphatic system and the microfilarasia are circulating in their blood. It is repeated exposure with multiple worms along with the worms excretions and blockage of the lymphatic system that seems to cause the disease to progress to its most severe form especially since the worm will norm ally die sometime after seven year (Rajan, 2003). Duration of Disease The duration of Lymphatic Filariasis varies depending on the number of re-infections suffered by a host. A person with Elephantiasis can live with the disease and usually dies from complications and secondary infections from the worms both living and dead (Wallace Kohatsu, 2008). The disease can last a lifetime and can worsen over time if left untreated. The disfiguring growth of the limbs or genitalia is another side effect as well as permanent damage to the lymphatic system, kidneys and secondary infections. There is also a social stigma to the deformities that accompany the chronic stages of the disease. Those who suffer from the disease are often ostracized. The adult worm normally lives from three to five years and the microfilariae will die after twelve months if not taken up by a mosquito to begin the next phase of the lifecycle (Longe, 2006). Transmission A person contracts the disease by being bitten by an infected mosquito of the genera Culex, Aedes or Anopheles. The mosquitoes are the intermediate hosts and when they bite someone, they inject the third-stage larvae into the blood of the host (Elephantiasis, 2010). Once injected into a human host, the larvae mature into worms which move to the lymphatic system and after about one year, produce embryo called microfilariae (Callahan, 2002). Adult worms live for about seven years (Ferrara, 2010). It is the buildup of adult worms in the lymphatic system over time that causes lymph fluid to collect which leads to severe swelling of the limbs and groin area (Ferrara, 2010). The microfilariae circulate in the blood stream waiting to be taken up by a mosquito. Interestingly, the microfilariae are at their most active in the blood at night when mosquitoes are also most active (Wallace Kohatsu, 2008). This increases the chance of being taken up by a mosquito and continuing the lifecycle. Whe n a mosquito bites and infected host, they take up the microfilariae along with the blood. The larvae mature to the second state in the mosquitoes. Repeated exposure and repeated transmission of larvae that can mature into adult worms is usually what brings on the symptoms (Ferrara, 2010). A person who is bitten once and infected may never actually experience any symptoms. Prevention and Treatment The disease is being attacked from many angles by the WHO. Those who have an active parasite are normally treated with the drug Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) which will both limit the number of microfilariae in the blood stream and gradually kill the parasite (Lammie, Milner Houston, 2006). The drug will cause some nausea and vomiting and sometimes fever depending on the level of microfilariae in the blood (Elephantiasis, 2010). However, because the treatment lasts for over one year, it is sometimes difficult to get the needed medical supplies to the areas with the highest incidence in a cost effective manner. Since the drug DEC seems to act as a deterrent as well as a cure, there is a proposal to add DEC to salt for distribution in the affected areas of the world in much the same manner that iodine was added to salt (Lammie, Milner Houston, 2006). Trials with DEC fortified salt have been carried out in China, Brazil, Haiti, India and Tanzania with great success since DEC laced salt acts as a protective measure as well as providing benefits for those already infected (Lammie, Milner Houston, 2006). Other drugs used in treatment include ivermectin and albendazole and more recently doxycycline (Wallace Kohatsu, 2008). Albendazole will kill the worms but does not have any effect on the microfilaria in the blood so the transmission cycle will continue unless the intermediate host is also reduced or eliminated (Wallace Kohatsu, 2008). In addition to drug therapies, movement of the affected limbs is encouraged along with antibiotics for any secondary infections caused by damage to the lymphatic system (Ferrara, 2010). There is little that can be done once the lymphatic swelling has set in other than attempting to force the lymph out via compression bandages (Elephantiasis, 2010). The other alternative is surgery to correct the affected limbs but this is sometimes not cost effective. Because the causative agent spends a portion of its lifecycle in the mosquito, the preventative measures that are being undertaken include the use of insect repellent and protective clothes in affected areas as well as water treatment to reduce the insect population that transmits the disease to humans (Wallace Kohatsu, 2008). Other measures include the use of mosquito netting, screens on windows and staying inside after dark when mosquitoes are the most likely to be active (Ferrara, 2010). In addition, while the mosquitoes are being dealt with, the population near the affected area can be given DEC as a preventative treatment so that the cycle of transmission is broken (Elephantiasis, 2010). Antibiotics have also been shown to be effective in the past but because antibiotics should not have any impact on a nematode, the effect of antibiotics was dropped until recently. There has also been some investigation into the possibility that a certain population of the worms themselves have a bacterial symbiont which is susceptible to the antibiotics (Rajan, 2003). The suspicion is that the two species have become dependent and if the symbiont dies, the host dies as well. If this is proven true, then antibiotics may also be used at some point in the future to treat lymphatic Filariasis in some cases. It is also suspected that some of the inflammation and other secondary infections might actually be caused by the symbiont rather than the nematode. Incidence: World, USA and Colorado Approximately eighty to one-hundred million people in 75 countries around the world are at risk of contracting Lymphatic Filariasis and forty million are in the chronic stages of the disease and suffer from the disfiguring disability known as Elephantiasis (Lammie, Milner, Houston, 2006). Lymphatic Filariasis occurs primarily in tropical and subtropical countries mostly in coastal areas with high humidity although it also occurs in Japan and China and come European countries (Elephantiasis, 2010). The area with the highest risk is south-East Asia. Lymphatic Filariasis at one point appeared in Charleston, South Carolina until about 1920 but then dies out before World War II (Elephantiasis, 2010). The reason for the disappearance in the United States is due to mosquito control and water sanitation (Elephantiasis, 2010). It occurs in the United States primarily where it has been contracted elsewhere and brought back to the United States (Elephantiasis, 2010). There does not seem to be any incidence of the disease in Colorado primarily because the climate and altitude and mosquito population do not generally offer a good climate for the life cycle. Mortality Rate: World, USA and Colorado Lymphatic Filariasis although impacting millions does not have a high mortality rate. The chief issue with the disease is the ongoing illnesses and secondary infections along with lost productivity and economic hardship suffered by those affected. According the World Health Organization, Lymphatic Filariasis is a targeted disease for elimination due to the large number of people at risk (Weekly epidemiological record, 2009). Those who contract the disease can live with it for all or most of their lives and it is the repeated infections via mosquito bites that eventually lead to the progression to the chronic state of the disease and eventual death ((Narain, J.P., Dash, A.P., Parnell, B., Bhattacharya, S.K., Barua, S., Bhatia, R. et al., 2010) Isolation Technique The disease is difficult to detect because the initial infection may not present any symptoms as the worm moves to the lymphatic system and matures. It can also take some time for the Microfilaria to show in the blood in sufficient quantity. The isolation technique will either focus on detecting the adult worm or the microfilariae. Blood samples can be taken and the sheathed microfilaria can be detected in a Giemsa stain which is a stain specifically used for detecting the presence of microfilaria in the blood (Wallace, Kohatsu, 2008). A methylene azure B. stain is used on the blood sample and if there is microfilaria in the blood, they will appear blue or purple. It is important that this blood be taken in the evening when the microfilaria is most active. The microfilaria can move out of the blood during the day so blood samples taken in daylight hours can sometimes result in false negatives (Longe, 2006). Also, it is possible that an infected person will not have any microfilaria in the blood. The worm itself is very hard to detect because it is buried in the lymphatic system. Another technique used is to look for what is called the filarial dance sign in the scrotum (Wallace Kohatsu, 2008). This is a visible detection of the worms movements via ultrasound. Conclusion Lymphatic Filariasis is a preventable disease that strikes poor countries in tropical and sub-tropical countries. Its debilitating effects have made it a target for elimination in the countries affected. Prevention methods are basic and include proactively spraying for the mosquitoes and treating the population with DEC laced salt or administration of DEC in tablet forms in order to break the cycle of infection. In addition, common precautions against mosquitoes can also be used such as protective clothing, netting and sprays.